Monday, May 25, 2020

Definition and Examples of Conciseness in Writing

In speech or writing, the term conciseness refers to language thats brief and to the point. To be effective, concise writing must deliver a clear message using an economy of words. Concise writing doesnt waste time with  circumlocution, padding, or verbosity. Repetition, unnecessary jargon, and needless details are to be avoided. When you minimize clutter, readers are more likely to remain engaged, understand and remember your message—and even act on it, should that be your goal. Before You Start Writing Whether youre tackling an article, essay, report, composition, or something in a fiction genre, such as a story or novel, the task of writing concisely begins as soon as your project starts. You must first narrow down your topic to bare bones in order to create whats known as a thesis statement. This is a brief explanation that encapsulates the information, theme, or message youre hoping to convey. Even for fiction, having a clear statement of purpose can help keep you focused. The second step prior to beginning your first draft is to flesh out your thesis with any necessary avenues of research or your story arc in the form of an organized outline. Once youve got that, prioritize it by the most pertinent points and prune out anything thats not vital. By keeping only the most important ideas, youll be able to target your writing and not waste time going off on unnecessary tangents. However, you may wish to keep deleted material for future reference. The First Drafting Your priority in writing a first draft should be to get through it from start to finish. You should have already highlighted points you want to cover during the research and outlining phases. You dont have to write your draft in a linear format from beginning to end. Sometimes its easier to start in the middle and then work your way back to the introduction. Some writers even start at the conclusion. Just remember that editing clutter  should be an ongoing process judiciously employed throughout the first draft—and beyond. Once youve covered the main ground, review the draft to add in pertinent quotes, citations, or dialogue as needed. While the perfect quote from an article, essay, or other published work can save time when composing your narrative, you must be mindful of the ratio of quoted material or paraphrased sources to your own writing. For maximum impact, use only the most relevant quotes. When possible, summarize and paraphrase your research, always taking care to use proper source citations. At the end of the day, the piece must be in your own words. Plagiarism is easily detected—especially in the digital age. You should also be aware that some editors and teachers will not include extensively quoted material in a final word count. That means if you have an assignment of 1,000 words, all but a very small percentage of those words must be original material. After the First Draft When youre satisfied with the draft, take a break. Youve accomplished something significant. And yes, the break is necessary because youll need to come back to the piece with fresh eyes to see what can still be cut or if the work requires restructuring. Author Elie Wiesel describes the process this way: Writing is not like painting where you add. It is not what you put on the canvas that the reader sees. Writing is more like a sculpture where you remove, you eliminate in order to make the work visible. Even those pages you remove somehow remain. There is a difference between a book of two hundred pages from the very beginning, and a book of two hundred pages, which is the result of an original eight hundred pages. The six hundred pages are there. Only you don’t see them. Big-Picture Revision How much revision youll need to do will depend on the length of your work and how closely you were able to follow your outline. Before making changes, take a step back and compare your thesis statement and outline to the draft, always keeping in mind the old adage, when it comes to concise writing, less is more. Dont use any extra words. A sentence is like a machine; it has a job to do. An extra word in a sentence is like a sock in a machine.—From Notes for Young Writers by Annie Dillard Ask yourself if you have sections, points, examples, or paragraphs that stray from your topic. If you do, does this material move the information or story forward? Will the reader still understand the point youre attempting to make if you delete it? For longer works, large-scale trimming of sections or chapters may be necessary. If youre lucky, however, youll be able to start at the paragraph or sentence level. Cutting on a large scale is something may writers have a problem with. As mentioned for the outline, it can be helpful to keep deleted material in a separate document that you can later refer to should the need arise. The excess material might even form the basis of a future piece of writing. [B]egin by pruning the big limbs. You can shake out the dead leaves later...Cut any passage that does not support your focus...Cut the weakest  quotations,  anecdotes, and scenes to give greater power to the strongest...Cut any passage you have written to satisfy a tough teacher or editor rather than the common reader...Dont invite others to cut. You know the work better. Mark optional trims. Then decide whether they should become actual cuts.—From Writing Tools by Roy Peter Clark Reducing Redundancy and Repetition Once youve honed your message, you reach sentence-level editing. This is where the scissors and scalpel come in—and the hatchet goes back in the closet. Review each paragraph for instances in which youve said the same thing in multiple ways. This occurs fairly often when something has a difficult or explanation. The solution is either to combine the best parts of redundant sentences or to start over and clarify the point youre trying to make. Dont be afraid to restructure sentences or to condense ideas. The more clearly and cleanly you write, the better your readers will comprehend your message. Look at the following example for reference: Redundant: The ability of different bird species to eat nuts and larger seeds depends on their beak style and shape. The form of the beak dictates function. The beaks of nut-eating birds must be powerful enough to break hulls and shaped to hold the food as the bird eats. Birds that eat mainly fruit or leaves may not be able to eat nuts due to their beaks being smaller and less forceful.Revision: Some birds can eat nuts and seeds, others cant. The deciding factor is the size and shape of their beaks. Nut- and seed-eating birds have powerful, curved beaks to hold food and crush hulls. Species that eat mainly fruit or leaves have smaller, weaker beaks. Fast Facts: 4 Rules for Concise Writing Avoid jargon.  Keep it simple. The less flowery your prose, the more accessible will be. Use shorter words instead of long ones when appropriate. Edit out  empty phrases  and  delete common redundancies.   More Ways to Cut Wordiness One red flag for redundancy is sentences that are overly long. If you suspect somethings overwritten, try reading it out loud. Does it sound awkward to the ear? Do you have to pause to take a breath? Does your meaning go off track? If the answer is yes, there are some things you can do to separate the wheat from the chaff: Can your sentence be understood without excess adjectives and adverbs? If so, delete them.  Changing a verb can create a stronger image.Qualifiers and intensifiers—such as very and extremely—are usually just filler.While sometimes its better to spell it all out, use contractions when you can. It sounds more conversational and less stilted. Thats just the way it is is preferable to That is just the way it is.Rephrase passive there is/are constructions. Eliminating to be verbs will make your sentences stronger.Cut extraneous instances of there is and that. For example: There is a rule on the books to cover appropriate fence styles for the homeowners association is not as clear or concise as The homeowners association rulebook covers appropriate fence styles.Review anything in parentheses or between dashes, which can sometimes send a reader off on a winding path. When possible, let the phrases stand alone as sentences.Break sentences of more than 25–30 words into smaller sentences.While there are exceptions, as a general rule, avoid using the passive voice.   Look at the following example to see how some of these rules can be applied: Wordy:  Following the author’s study of The Naval Chronicle (which goes into detail on the wars with Napoleon), a trip aboard a freighter from California to Central America, and his trip back home to England, the first book in the series was plotted.Revision: After studying The Naval Chronicle, which details the Napoleonic Wars, the author took a freighter voyage from California to Central America. He plotted the first book in the series upon returning home to England. Note that this extra-long sentence is bogged down with a parenthetical phrase in the middle of a series of items. Its also guilty of passive voice, consecutive prepositional phrases, and excessive verbiage. The information reads more clearly and is more easily understood when written as two sentences. Sources Elie Wiesel: Conversations. Edited by Robert Franciosi. University Press of Mississippi, 2002Dillard, Annie. Notes for Young Writers. Katharsis. August 4, 2013Clark, Roy Peter. Writing Tools: 55 Essential Strategies for Every Writer. Little, Brown Spark, 2006; Hachette, 2016

Friday, May 15, 2020

Questions On The Nature Of Interpretation - 850 Words

Hypothetical Misinterpretation Jerrold Levinson, a prominent hypothetical intentionalist, through his explanation of the relationship between artworks and exploratory interpretations, has gone under criticism for allowing misinterpretations to be deemed as valid â€Å"could mean† options. However, one finds when reading â€Å"Two Notions of Interpretation† and â€Å"Intention and Interpretation in Literature† that these criticisms are effectively countered by two arguments that Levinson presents. Firstly, although the exploratory mode of inquiry can have multiple, if not infinite, could mean answers, it also has could not mean answers. These could not mean interpretations provide insight into the work and allow for interpretations to be judged on a scale†¦show more content†¦Because they are ludic and not grounded in physical realities one can come up with multiple â€Å"correct† interpretations that are sound but mutually exclusive. To construe what something could mean, Levinson proposes that we, as interpreters, be pragmatic and use logic in combination with our given knowledge of the contexts of works to determine their interpretations. Although there exists an impulse to either exclusively use does mean or could mean modes of inquiry, like an x-ray for the former and a metaphor for the latter, the two modes actually have mutual implications. To examine an x-ray for what it means is to postulate what it could mean and then come to an apt conclusion. To examine a metaphor is to find what is a plausible response in a determinative context of semantic possibilities. There also exist instances of purely could mean inquiries, says Levinson, like the infinite volumes of Babel, but without a does mean interpretation available, as there are no intentions behind the works, the infinite possible could mean interpretations create an absence of meaning. It is here I would like to extend the definition of does mean inter pretation beyond scientific knowledge based answers, to include hypothetical DM interpretations. Although we will see how authorialShow MoreRelatedThe Fundamental Knowledge Of Knowledge1637 Words   |  7 Pagesknowledge issue arising from this question is whether knowledge is consistent throughout time. Can we progress through applying knowledge generated decades ago? To determine whether knowledge generated from areas such as history and science can predict the future, it is necessary to know whether the knowledge acquired through these areas of knowing is consistent, irrespective of changes in time and culture, amongst other factors. Through considering this question, we are gaining insight into whetherRead MoreThe Debate On Constitutional Interpretation1730 Words   |  7 Pageson Constitutional interpretation is far from a new one. 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Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Essay about Hamlets Anger and Morality in William...

Hamlets Anger and Morality in William Shakespeares Hamlet In Shakespeares Hamlet, Hamlet is faced with emotional and physical hardship. The suffering that he endures causes his character to develop certain idiosyncrasies. Morality has a significant importance to Hamlet. At the beginning of the play, Hamlet possesses a strong sense of morality. A sense that is stronger than all other characters. Hamlets actions and feelings are controlled by his morality. His morality grows weaker as the play progresses. Hamlets opinions toward the characters within the play are determined by his moral standpoint. As the play goes on, Hamlets tendency of thinking too much causes him to become mad. Hamlets focal problem is his madness. As†¦show more content†¦After stabbing Claudius, Hamlet forces him to drink from the poisoned wine saying, Here, thou incestuous, murderous, damned Dame, Drink off this potion. Is thy union here? Follow my mother(The king dies.)(5.2 327-329). Hamlet does not only value his own morality, but also the morality of others. Besides worrying about his own morality, his mothers morality has much significance to him. As Robert Luyster states, Hamlet would have Gertrude, like himself, become purified, but this can only be done through the acceding to consciousness claim to be hard(Luyster 77). Hamlet contemplates his every action. This problem eventually overwhelms him while also causing his madness. The depth of his thought concerning the murder of Claudius following Hamlets play reveals his madness. Reason and action are not opposed in Hamlet, but for most of the play, they fail to coalesce as either we or the characters would like them to (Kastan 48). Throughout the play, Hamlet questions his every action. Elliot writes, Claudius, to be sure, according to the Ghosts story, has obtained the throne by killing a king. But that is a main motive for Hamlets not doing likewise; the ways of his uncle are precisely those that the prince is most reluctant to follow( Elliot 27). Hamlet does not want to obtain the throne the same way in which Claudius has, through murder. Hamlet even thinks about Claudiuss life after death. An example of his thought is in Act III,Show MoreRelatedThe Characters Of Foils In William Shakespeares Hamlet860 Words   |  4 Pages Foils In Hamlet   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In fiction, a foil is a character whom contrasts with another character in the story, typically the protagonist. The foil is able to highlight certain aspects of their opposing character. A foil can differ dramatically or be extremely similar but tends to have key qualities that distinguish the two apart from each other. 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Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Old Testament vs. Hellenic Divine Intervention Essay Example For Students

Old Testament vs. Hellenic Divine Intervention Essay Old Testament vs. Hellenic Divine InterventionThe Old Testament and Hellenic texts we have studied have numerousexamples of divine intervention. The range and complexity in human affairs thatthese interventions occur have similar, yet different attributes. Both textsdescribe divine intervention as a way of explaining why things happen(ed) andbeing chosen by God or gods to fulfill a destiny. Both also see divineintervention as something that can not be understood by humans; God or the godshave their reasons why people are chosen and why certain gifts, events, andcatastrophes happen and we will never understand the reasoning. Differences inthe texts stem from the reasons they are the same; why certain people are chosen,why events happen, etc. The range and complexity in human affairs of divine intervention asdescribed in the Hellenic texts and the Old Testament are similar because of theinterference in human affairs, yet they are different because of why certainpeople are chosen to fulfill a destiny. For instance, in the Old Testament, Godchooses Noah and his family to be the only survivors after the flood that wipesout the earth. His destiny was to build the ark and take a pair of every livingcreature to help repopulate the earth after everything is wiped out. This issimilar to Oedipus at Colonus, in the Hellenic texts, because the gods chooseOedipus to save the city of Colonus from his own sons. They differ because God,in the Old Testament, chooses rather blindly. He does not choose people for anyreason except that is who He wanted. If He does choose, it is based on goodnessor loyalty to Him. The gods of Hellenic texts, like in Oedipus at Colonus, thegods choose Oedipus because of his wisdom and his family line. The Hel lenictexts choose based on prestige, family, and honor. Another example of this isthe story Joseph in the Old Testament. Joseph was chosen to be a powerfulruler in Egypt for no reason whatsoever, just because God wanted him to be. InThe Illiad, this would never happen, Achilles is chosen to defeat Hector becauseof his prestige, honor, and family line. Achilles is not chosen because Zeusjust wanted him to. Not just anybody could have killed Hector, it had to besomeone famous. In the Old Testament, divine intervention, especially in Genesis,plays a very important part. For example, in The Creation of the Universe,God wills everything into being. God said, Let there be light,' (Genesis1:5) Then God said, Let the earth produce growing things,' (Genesis 1:11)God said, Let the earth bring forward living creatures,' (Genesis 1:24). These things, and others, are a way to explain why we have light, plants,animals, etc. Also in Genesis, in the story of Adam and Eve, the punishmentthat mankind receives for Adam and Eve eating the forbidden fruit explains manshardships. To the woman he said: I shall give you great labour inchildbearing You will desire your husband, but he will be your master,'(Genesis 3:16). To the man he said: . the earth shall be cursed. Youwill get your food from it only by labour all the days of your life; it willyield thorns and thistles for you,' (Genesis 3:17- 18). The Hellenic texts are different because certain events, good or bad,may only happen because of a gods fondness or dislike for a mortal, or just forthe gods own amusement. An instance of this occurs in The Illiad, when Parisand Menelaus are in combat in Book Three, Aphrodite saves Paris from defeat, andtakes him away to his bedroom. She interfered because of her fondness of Parisfor her own amusement. Also, in The Illiad, Zeuss fondness of Hector resultsin Hectors almost invincibility through most of the story. Zeus protects himin every way, except when the other chosen one, Achilles, comes into battle,which results in Achilles killing Hector. .u77432d75f5e8adea630091a967672461 , .u77432d75f5e8adea630091a967672461 .postImageUrl , .u77432d75f5e8adea630091a967672461 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u77432d75f5e8adea630091a967672461 , .u77432d75f5e8adea630091a967672461:hover , .u77432d75f5e8adea630091a967672461:visited , .u77432d75f5e8adea630091a967672461:active { border:0!important; } .u77432d75f5e8adea630091a967672461 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u77432d75f5e8adea630091a967672461 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u77432d75f5e8adea630091a967672461:active , .u77432d75f5e8adea630091a967672461:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u77432d75f5e8adea630091a967672461 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u77432d75f5e8adea630091a967672461 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u77432d75f5e8adea630091a967672461 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u77432d75f5e8adea630091a967672461 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u77432d75f5e8adea630091a967672461:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u77432d75f5e8adea630091a967672461 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u77432d75f5e8adea630091a967672461 .u77432d75f5e8adea630091a967672461-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u77432d75f5e8adea630091a967672461:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Letter to My Father - Economics EssayThere are; however, several examples in which the Hellenic texts aresimilar to the Old Testament in respect to divine intervention. For instance,in Oedipus the King and Oedipus at Colonus, Oedipus is destined to become kingof Thebes only to be exiled from Thebes to fulfill a greater destiny. Nosickness can destroy me, nothing can. I would never have been saved from death-I have been saved for something great and terrible, something strange. Well letmy destiny come and take me on its way! (Oedipus the King, p. 246 lines 1594-1598). The gods are about to raise you to your feet- till now they were benton your destruction. (Oedipus at Colon us, p. 306 lines 432-434). The Old Testament and Hellenic texts acts of divine intervention aresimilar because both texts rely greatly on these acts. They are included toexplain the unexplainable. They are very different because of the ways Godintervenes and the ways the gods intervene. God does not intervene because itis a game to Him, like the gods in Hellenic texts do. The gods choosehonorable, wise, royalty, type of people to fulfill important destinies, whileGod chooses based on nothing, and if He does, it is based on loyalty andgoodness. In these ways the Hellenic texts and the Old Testament compare acontrast. English